Halogenii ...dmins0SItnofpages4SItnofords1471SItnofchars8385SIt tcompany AMAYSItnofcharss9837SItvern16437SStpaper11906tpape rh16838tmargl2127tmargr1558tmargb1134tltrsect tidoctrltftnbjtaenddoctnoxlattoyentexpshrtntnoultr lspctdntblnsbdbtnospaceforulthyphcaps0tformshadetho rzdoctdghspace180tdgvspace180tdghorigin1701tdgvorig in1984tdghsho0tdgvsho0tjexpandtviekind1tviescale100 tpgbrdrheadtpgbrdrfoottnolnhtadjtbltrsidroot1149899 4 tfet0tltrpar tsectd tltrsecttlinex0tendnheretsectdefaultcltsftnbj Ittpnseclvl1tpnucrmtpnqctpnstart1tpnindent720tpnha ng Itpntxta .SSIttpnseclvl2tpnucltrtpnqctpnstart1tpnindent720t pnhang Itpntxta .SSIttpnseclvl3tpndectpnqctpnstart1tpnindent720tpn hang Itpntxta .SSIttpnseclvl4tpnlcltrtpnqctpnstart1tpnindent720t pnhang Itpntxta SSIttpnseclvl5tpndectpnqctpnstart1tpnindent720tpnh ang Itpntxtb SItpntxta SSIttpnseclvl6tpnlcltrtpnqctpnstart1tpnindent720tp nhang Itpntxtb SItpntxta SSIttpnseclvl7tpnlcrmtpnqctpnstart1tpnindent720tpn hang Itpntxtb SItpntxta SSIttpnseclvl8tpnlcltrtpnqctpnstart1tpnindent720tp nhang Itpntxtb SItpntxta SSIttpnseclvl9tpnlcrmtpnqctpnstart1tpnindent720tpn hang Itpntxtb SItpntxta SStpardtplain tltrpartqc tli-567tri0tidctlpartaspalphataspnumtfaautotadjust righttrin0tlin-567titap0tpararsid11498994 trtlchtfcs1 taf0tafs20talang1025 tltrchtfcs0 tfs20tlang1049tlangfe2052tcgridtlangnp1049tlangfen p2052 Itrtlchtfcs1 taf41 tltrchtfcs0 tf41tfs24tcf1tlang1033tlangfe2052tlangnp1033tinsrs id11498994tcharrsid11498994 Generalitte3tfeiSItrtlchtfcs1 taf0 tltrchtfcs0 tfs24tcf1tlang1048tlangfe2052tlangnp1048tinsrsid11 498994tcharrsid11498994 .tpar Stpard tltrpartqj tli-567tri0tidctlpartaspalphataspnumtfaautotadjust righttrin0tlin-567titap0tpararsid11498994 Itrtlchtfcs1 taf0 tltrchtfcs0 tfs24tcf1tlang1048tlangfe2052tlangnp1048tinsrsid11 498994tcharrsid11498994 tpar SItrtlchtfcs1 taf41 tltrchtfcs0 tf41tfs24tcf1tlang1048tlangfe2052tlangnp1048tinsrs id11498994tcharrsid11498994 Prin halogenarea unui compus aromatic izociclic sau heterociclic se teentfeelege procesul de introducere a unuia sau mai multor atomi de halogen furnizatfei de un agent de halogenare la atomi de carbon din molecula acestuia. Halogenii steent elemente care teen conditfeii obitbanuite steent gaze sau se pot aduce utbaor teen stare gazoaste3 . tcentructeet compusul aromatic poate avea teen moleculte3 tbai catene alifatice laterale , saturate sau nesaturate , se disting doute3 tipuri de halogente3ritpar ahalogenare prin substitutfeie la nucleu sau teen catena lateralte3 saturatte3tpar bhalogenare prin aditfeie la nucleu sau la catena lateralte3 nesaturatte3.tpar Halogenarea substitutivte3 la nucleul aromatic decurge , teen conditfeii normale , printr-un mecanism heterolitic , de substitutfeie electrofilte3 , caracterizat prin heteroliza sau polarizarea agentului de halogenare sub actfeiunea unor catalizatori electrofili sau a unor solventfei polari. tcen urma acestor procese rezultte3 ioni de halogen pozitivi X sau specii mai mult sau mai putfein polarizate contfeinteend X . Nucleul aromatic nucleofilul reactfeioneazte3 cu aceste specii electrofile , cedteend un proton celeilalte pte3rtfei a reactantului initfeial , ce apare sub formte3 de anion simplu sau compleSItrtlchtfcs1 taf0 tltrchtfcs0 tfs24tcf1tlang1048tlangfe2052tlangnp1048tinsrsid11 498994tcharrsid11498994 xtpar tpar SItrtlchtfcs1 taf0 tltrchtfcs0 tlang1024tlangfe1024tnoprooftlangnp1033tinsrsid787 8430 ItshpIttshpinsttshpleft1512tshptop185tshpright1800 tshpbottom185tshpfhdr0tshpbxcolumntshpbxignoretshpb yparatshpbyignoretshpr1tshprk0tshpfbltxt0tshpz0tshp lid1026ItspItsn shapeTypeSItsv 20SSItspItsn fFlipHSItsv 0SSItspItsn fFlipVSItsv 0SSItspItsn shapePathSItsv 4SSItspItsn fFillOKSItsv 0SSItspItsn fFilledSItsv 0SSItspItsn lineidthSItsv 12700SSItspItsn lineStartArroheadSItsv 5SSItspItsn lineEndArroheadSItsv 5SSItspItsn lineStartArroidthSItsv 0SSItspItsn lineStartArroLengthSItsv 0SSItspItsn lineEndArroidthSItsv 0SSItspItsn lineEndArroLengthSItsv 0SSItspItsn fArroheadsOKSItsv 1SSItspItsn fLayoutInCellSItsv 0SSItspItsn fLayoutInCellSItsv 0SSSItshprsltIttdotdobxcolumntdobyparatdodhgt8192t dplinetdpptx0tdppty0tdpptx288tdppty0tdpastartholtdp astart1tdpastartl1tdpaendholtdpaend1tdpaendl1tdpx15 12tdpy185tdpxsize288tdpysize0tdpline20tdplinecor0td plinecog0tdplinecob0SSSSItrtlchtfcs1 taf0 tltrchtfcs0 tfs24tcf1tlang1048tlangfe2052tlangnp1048tinsrsid11 498994tcharrsid11498994 X2 Y X ...XY-tpar SItrtlchtfcs1 taf0 tltrchtfcs0 tlang1024tlangfe1024tnoprooftlangnp1033tinsrsid787 8430 ItshpIttshpinsttshpleft7560tshptop203tshpright7848 tshpbottom203tshpfhdr0tshpbxcolumntshpbxignoretshpb yparatshpbyignoretshpr1tshprk0tshpfbltxt0tshpz4tshp lid1027ItspItsn shapeTypeSItsv 20SSItspItsn fFlipHSItsv 0SSItspItsn fFlipVSItsv 0SSItspItsn shapePathSItsv 4SSItspItsn fFillOKSItsv 0SSItspItsn fFilledSItsv 0SSItspItsn lineidthSItsv 12700SSItspItsn lineEndArroheadSItsv 5SSItspItsn lineEndArroidthSItsv 0SSItspItsn fArroheadsOKSItsv 1SSItspItsn fLayoutInCellSItsv 0SSItspItsn fLayoutInCellSItsv 0SSSItshprsltIttdotdobxcolumntdobyparatdodhgt8196t dplinetdpptx0tdppty0tdpptx288tdppty0tdpastartholtdp astart1tdpastartl2tdpx7560tdpy203tdpxsize288tdpysiz e0tdpline20tdplinecor0tdplinecog0tdplinecob0SSSItsh pIttshpinsttshpleft4680tshptop203tshpright4968tshpb ottom203tshpfhdr0tshpbxcolumntshpbxignoretshpbypara tshpbyignoretshpr1tshprk0tshpfbltxt0tshpz2tshplid10 28ItspItsn shapeTypeSItsv 20SSItspItsn fFlipHSItsv 0SSItspItsn fFlipVSItsv 0SSItspItsn shapePathSItsv 4SSItspItsn fFillOKSItsv 0SSItspItsn fFilledSItsv 0SSItspItsn lineidthSItsv 12700SSItspItsn lineEndArroheadSItsv 5SSItspItsn lineEndArroidthSItsv 0SSItspItsn fArroheadsOKSItsv 1SSItspItsn fLayoutInCellSItsv 0SSItspItsn fLayoutInCellSItsv 0SSSItshprsltIttdotdobxcolumntdobyparatdodhgt8194t dplinetdpptx0tdppty0tdpptx288tdppty0tdpastartholtdp astart1tdpastartl2tdpx4680tdpy203tdpxsize288tdpysiz e0tdpline20tdplinecor0tdplinecog0tdplinecob0SSSItsh pIttshpinsttshpleft1944tshptop203tshpright2232tshpb ottom203tshpfhdr0tshpbxcolumntshpbxignoretshpbypara tshpbyignoretshpr1tshprk0tshpfbltxt0tshpz1tshplid10 29ItspItsn shapeTypeSItsv 20SSItspItsn fFlipHSItsv 0SSItspItsn fFlipVSItsv 0SSItspItsn shapePathSItsv 4SSItspItsn fFillOKSItsv 0SSItspItsn fFilledSItsv 0SSItspItsn lineidthSItsv 12700SSItspItsn lineEndArroheadSItsv 5SSItspItsn lineEndArroidthSItsv 0SSItspItsn fArroheadsOKSItsv 1SSItspItsn fLayoutInCellSItsv 0SSItspItsn fLayoutInCellSItsv 0SSSItshprsltIttdotdobxcolumntdobyparatdodhgt8193t dplinetdpptx0tdppty0tdpptx288tdppty0tdpastartholtdp astart1tdpastartl2tdpx1944tdpy203tdpxsize288tdpysiz e0tdpline20tdplinecor0tdplinecog0tdplinecob0SSSSItr tlchtfcs1 taf0 tltrchtfcs0 tfs24tcf1tlang1048tlangfe2052tlangnp1048tinsrsid11 498994tcharrsid11498994 ArH X ...XY- ArHX ... XY- ArX H ...XY- tpar SItrtlchtfcs1 taf0 tltrchtfcs0 tlang1024tlangfe1024tnoprooftlangnp1033tinsrsid787 8430 ItshpIttshpinsttshpleft936tshptop221tshpright1224t shpbottom221tshpfhdr0tshpbxcolumntshpbxignoretshpby paratshpbyignoretshpr1tshprk0tshpfbltxt0tsh... Download |