...brother-in-la , led an invasion of northern England that as crushed in September 1513 at Flodden Field by Henrys commander Thomas Hoard , 2nd Duke of Norfolk ith the death of the king and many Scottish nobles . Deserted by his allies , Henry arranged a marriage in 1514 beteen his sister Mary and Louis XII of France , ith hom he formed an alliance . Louiss successor , Francis I , met Henry at a magnificently stages meeting on the Field of Cloth of Gold in 1520 but no significant political decisions resulted . In 1521 Henry arranged the death of his counsellor Edard Stafford , 3th Duke of Buckingham , one of the fe nobles ith a potential claim to the throne . In 1525 riots broke out in England in protest against an attempt by Henry to levy taxes for military purposes and he ithdre from major military activity in Europe .In 1527 Henry announced his desire to divorce his ife , on the grounds that the papal dispensation making the marriage possible as invalid . The chief reason for the divorce as that Catherine had failed to produce a male heir . Her only surviving child as Mary later Mary I of England . In addition , Henry as in love Anne Boleyn , a young and beautiful lady-in-aiting of the queen . Several obstacles hoever stood in the ay of the divorce . Holy Roman Emperor Charles V , Catherines nephe , strongly opposed the divorce , and Pope Clement VII , hom Charles had made a prisoner could not invalidate the marriage ithout displeasing his captor . In 1528 the pope as persuaded to appoint Henrys chief minister , the English cardinal and statesman Thomas olsey , and Lorenzo Camppegio , a papal legate , to try the case in an English legatine court . In 1529 the pope summoned the case to Rome . hen the prospect of securing a papal annulment seemed hopeless , Henry dismissed olsey , ho died soon after in disgrace , and appointed the humanist scholar and statesman Sir Thomas More as Lord Chancellor . The latter , hoever , as reluctant to support the divorce . The Break ith the PapacyHenry no preceeded to dissolve one by one the ties to the papacy . ith the aid of parliamentary legislation , he first secured control of the clergy , compelling that group in 1532 to acknoledge him as head of the English Church . In the folloing year Henry secretly married Anne Boleyn , ho as croned Queen after Henrys obedient Archbishop of Canterbury , Thomas Cranmer , declared the marriage ith Catherine void and that ith Anne valid . An act of succession affirmed the declaration of the archbishop and established Annes progeny as heirs to the throne . Henrys ne chief minister Thomas Cromell , a former folloer of olsey , began a reform of the English Church but also of governmental machinery introducing important centralizing and organizational changes dubbed by some the Tudor revolution in government .Although Hehry as immediately excommunicated , he repudiated papal jurisdiction in 1534 and made himself the supreme ecclesiastical authority inEngland ith the aid of compliant bishops such as Stephen Gardiner . The English people ere required to affirm under oath Henrys supremacy and the act of succession . Hoever , early hopes by Protestant radicals such as illiam Tyndale to introduce the Reformation into England ere broadly tharted apart from the issue of papal supremacy Henry remained conservative in matters of doctrine . Nonetheless , an English translation of the Bible by Miles Coverdale as officially published in 1535 . Sir Thomas More and the English cardinal John Fisher ere executed for refusing to accept the religious supremacy of the English monarch . Henry ordered the dissolution of the monasteries and gave much of their property to the nobles in exchange for their support . a short-lived rebellion in northern England against this policy , the Pilgrimage of Grace as soon suppressed by Thomas Hoard , 3th Duke of Norfolk .Henry soon tired of Anne boleyn , and in 1536 after charging her ith incest and adultery he had her executed . A fe days after Annes death he married Jane Seymour , Thomas Hoards niece , ho died in 1537 after bearing Henrys only legitimate son , Edard , later Edard VI . A marriage as arranged in 1540 ith Anne of Cleves in order to form a tie beteen England and the Protestand princes of Germany . Because he thought Anne unattractive and because Henry found the political alliance no longer to his advantage , he divorced her after several months and married Catherine Hoard another niece of Thomas Hoard in the same year . Cromell ho had arranged the marriage ith Anne , fell from favour and as executed in 1540 . Catherine as executed summarily in 1542 for having been unchaste prior to marriage and having commited adultery . In the folloing year Henry married his sixth ife , Catherine Parr , ho survived him . Beteen 1542 and 1546 Henry as involved in ar ith Scotland and France . His troops defeated the Scots at Solay Moss in 1542 . they captured Boulogne from the French in 1544 , and hen peace as made in 1546 Henry received an indemnity from France . Meanhile , his groing paranoia led to disgrace for the Hoards the poet Henry Hoard , Earl of Surrey as arrested and executed in 1547 , and Thomas Hoard as only saved by the kings death . Henry died in London on January 28 , 1547.And so , this is the end .Liana Corneanu . Zt!0CJaH!!.0iiaaaESadhEaSaaaaaaOadhaaOaaaaaadhaaaa
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