...ent in nearby Tbingen, forming friendships there ith fello students, the future great romantic poet Friedrich Hlderlin 1770-1843 and Friedrich . J. von Schelling 1775-1854, ho, like Hegel, ould become one of the major figures of the German philosophical scene in the first half of the nineteenth century. These friendships clearly had a major influence on Hegels philosophical development, and for a hile the intellectual lives of the three ere closely intertined. After graduation Hegel orked as a tutor for families in Bern and then Frankfurt, here he as reunited ith Hlderlin. Until around 1800, Hegel devoted himself to developing his ideas on religious and social themes, and seemed to have envisaged a future for himself as a type of modernising and reforming educator, in the image of figures of the German Enlightenment such as Lessing and Schiller. Around the turn of the century, hoever, possibly under the influence of Hlderlin, his interests turned more to the issues in the critical philosophy of Immanuel Kant 1724-1804 that had enthused Hlderlin, Schelling, and many others, and in 1801 he moved to the University of Jena to join Schelling. In the 1790s Jena had become a centre of both Kantian philosophy and the early romantic movement and by the time of Hegels arrival Schelling had already become an established figure, taking the approach of J. G. Fichte 1762-1814, the most important of the ne Kantian-styled philosophers, in novel directions. In late 1801, Hegel published his first philosophical ork, The Difference beteen Fichtes and Schellings System of Philosophy, and up until 1803 orked closely ith Schelling, ith hom he edited the Critical Journal of Philosophy. In his Difference essay Hegel had argued that Schellings approach succeeded here Fichtes failed in the project of systematising and thereby completing Kants transcendental idealism, and on the basis of this type of advocacy as dogged for many years by the reputation of being a mere folloer of Schelling ho as five years his junior.By late 1806 Hegel had completed his first major ork, the Phenomenology of Spirit published 1807, hich shoed a divergence from his earlier, seemingly more Schellingian, approach. Schelling, ho had left Jena in 1803, interpreted a barbed criticism in the Phenomenologys preface as aimed at him, and their friendship abruptly ended. The occupation of Jena by Napoleons troops as Hegel as completing the manuscript closed the university and Hegel left the ton. No ithout a university appointment he orked for a short time, apparently very successfully, as an editor of a nespaper in Bamberg, and then from 1808-1815 as the headmaster and philosophy teacher at a gymnasium in Nuremberg. During his time at Nuremberg he married and started a family, and rote and published his Science of Logic. In 1816 he managed to return to his university career by being appointed to a chair in philosophy at the University of Heidelberg. Then in 1818, he as offered and took up the chair of philosophy at the University of Berlin, the most prestigious position in the German philosophical orld. hile in Heidelberg he published the Encyclopaedia of the Philosophical Sciences, a systematic ork in hich an abbreviated version of the earlier Science of Logic the Encyclopaedia Logic or Lesser Logic as folloed by the application of its principles to the Philosophy of Nature and the Philosophy of Spirit. In 1821 in Berlin Hegel published his major ork in political philosophy, Elements of the Philosophy of Right, based on lectures given at Heidelberg but ultimately grounded in the section of the Encyclopaedia Philosophy of Spirit dealing ith objective spirit. During the folloing ten years up to his death in 1831 Hegel enjoyed celebrity at Berlin, and published subsequent versions of the Encyclopaedia. After his death versions of his lectures on philosophy of history, philosophy of religion, aesthetics, and the history of philosophy ere published. After Hegels death, Schelling, hose reputation had long since been eclipsed by that of Hegel, as invited to take up the chair at Berlin, reputedly because the government of the day had anted to counter the influence that Hegelian philosophy had developed among a generation of students. Since the early period of his collaboration ith Hegel, Schelling had become more religious in his philosophising and criticised the rationalism of Hegels philosophy. During this time of Schellings tenure at Berlin, important forms of later critical reaction to Hegelian philosophy developed. Hegel himself had been a supporter of progressive but non-revolutionary politics, but his folloers divided into left- and right-ing factions from out of the former circle, Karl Marx as to develop his on scientific approach to society and history hich appropriated many Hegelian ideas into Marxs materialistic outlook. Later, especially in reaction to orthodox Soviet versions of Marxism, many estern Marxists re-incorporated further Hegelian elements back into their forms of Marxist philosophy. Many of Schellings on criticisms of Hegels rationalism found their ay into subsequent existentialist thought, especially via the ritings of Kierkegaard, ho had attended Schellings lectures. Furthermore, the interpretation Schelling offered of Hegel during these years itself helped to shape subsequent generations understanding of Hegel, contributing to the orthodox or traditional understanding of Hegel as a metaphysical thinker in the pre-Kantian dogmatic sense. In academic philosophy, Hegelian idealism underent a revival in both Great Britain and the United States in the last decades of the nineteenth century. In Britain, here philosophers such as T. H Green and F. H. Bradley had developed metaphysical ideas hich they related back to Hegels thought, Hegel came to be one of the main targets of attack by the founders of the emerging analytic movement, Bertrand Russell and G. E. Moore. For most of the tentieth century, interest in Hegel became limited to the context of his relation to other more popular philosophical movements like existentialism or Marxism, or to his social and political thought. In France, a version of Hegelianism came to influence a generation of thinkers, including Jean-Paul Sartre and the psychoanalyst, Jacques Lacan, largely through the lectures of Alexandre Kojve, an important precursor to the later post-modern movement. A later generation of French philosophers coming to prominence in the late 1960s and after, hoever, tended to react against Hegel in ays analogous to those in hich early analytic philosophers had reacted against the Hegel ho had influenced their predecessors. In Germany, interest in Hegel as revived early in the century ith the historical ork of ilhelm Dilthey, and important Hegelian elements ere incorporated into the approach of thinkers of the Frankfurt School, such as Theodor Adorno, and later, Jrgen Habermas, as ell as the hermeneutic approach of H.-G. Gadamer. In Hungary, similar Hegelian...
Download