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617 ttab SItlang1033tlangfe1033tlangnp1033tinsrsid13379617 In a doua jumatate a secolului al XII-lea s-au petrecut mari transformari in Europa apuseana ceea ce a adus cu sine schimbarea caracterului artei medievale. SItlang1036tlangfe1033tlangnp1036tinsrsid13379617 O data cu dezvoltarea economiei feudale a crescut nevoia de schimb si de comert. In tarile din Europa de Vest au fost construite orasele noi, tlquote tvilles neuvesttlquote , ce au luat nastere pe malurile raurilor navigabile sau la incrucisarile soselelor. Cruciadele au contribuit la invigorarea comertului pe mare. Intre zidurile fortificate ale oraselor taranii puteau organiza rascoale pentru a scapa de dijma si a obtine libertatea. Nici inegalitatea proprietatii, nici diferentierea in corporatii si bresle n-a putut submina consideratia fata de munca. Aparitia noilor conditii de viata a fost insotita de o cuprinzatoare miscare spirituala. Temelia coceptiei despre lume continua s-o alcatuiasca religia. Nu se poate nega ca ea a constituit impulsul cel mai puternic pentru activitatea artistica din acea epoca. Credinta il insufletea pe om in actiunile sale de mare anvegura si indrazneala, indreptate inspre creatia artistica. Totusi arta gotica nu poate fi total identificata cu sentimentul religios al acestei epoci. Ca si artistii altor vremuri, cei din aceasta epoca se preocupau in creatia lor si de probleme de arta. SItlang1033tlangfe1033tlangnp1033tinsrsid13379617 In secolul al XIII-lea costiinta religioasa a oamenilor era puternic zdruncinata. SItlang1036tlangfe1033tlangnp1036tinsrsid13379617 Vechile texte religioase erau interpretate intr-un chip nou de unele secte. Calugarii care petrecusera ani indelugati intre zidurile manastirilor trebuiau sa mearga in mijlocul poporului, sa citeasca predici si sa caute expresii pe intelesul maselor, invataturile religioase urmand sa capete un sens uman mai adanc. Orasele au devenit centrele cele mai importante ale miscarilor spirituale. S-au intemeiat universitati din cadrul carora au pornit mai multe controverse filozofice. In arta, noua oranduire a vietii si-a gasit cea mai puternica expresie in catedralele gotice.tpar ttab SItlang1033tlangfe1033tlangnp1033tinsrsid13379617 De obicei, catedralele erau inaltate in piata orasului care era deschisa in toate partile. SItlang1036tlangfe1033tlangnp1036tinsrsid13379617 Constructia presupunea existenta unor mijloace materiale largi, de aceea cand se hotara inceperea constructiei unei catedrale erau trimisi solii in imprejurimi pentru a strange danii. Dupa strangerea unei sume indestulatoare se incepea constructia, adesea ridicandu-se numai altarul principal unde se tinea slujba. Din cauza razboaielor sau molimilor unele nici nu mai erau terminate sau constructia lor era definitivata in alt stil flesele catedralei din Chartres au arhitecturi diferite, aduse insa la un acord armonios. Cele mai vechi catedrale au luat nastere in Franta, construirea catedralelor ulterioare fiind stimulata de regalitate lucru dovedit de prezenta figurile regale pe fatadele catedralelor. Pentru constructia unei catedrale era nevoie de unitatea intregii comunitati si convingerea puternica necesara transmiterii entuziasmului urmasilor...
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