...formofrugbyofficially designated as Rugby Union Football played in more than 100 countries, including Australia, Ne Zealand, Japan, England, France, Italy, Fiji, and South Africa. The sports international governing body is the International Rugby Football Board IRFB, located in Dublin, Ireland. In the United States there are more than 1400 rugby clubs and more than 100,000 players, governed by USA Rugby, located in Colorado Springs, Colorado. Rugby as only played as an amateur sport until 1995, hen the IRFB passed a resolution alloing national governing bodies and local rugby clubs to pay their players. Arugbyteamconsists of 15 players, generally divided into 8 forards and 7 backs. Seven substitutions of players are permitted during a match in addition to injury replacements. Injured players, once having left the game, may not return. A game usually lasts for 80 minutes and is divided into to 40-minute halves ith no time-outs. Arugbyfieldisnotmore than 100 m 109.36 yd in length and 69 m 75.46 yd in idth, and is divided transversely by to lines 22 m 24.06 yd from each goal and a halfay line. Not more than 22 m 24.06 yd behind each goal line is the dead-ball line, beyond hich the ball is out of play. The uprights of the goal are 5.6 m 6.12 yd apart. They are connected by a horizontal crossbar 3 m 3.28 yd above the ground. Playbeginsithaplace kick and is generally continued by a scrummage or scrum, in hich the forards of each team pack together ith their arms across one anothers shoulders and their heads don. Thus locked together, the forards heel and push against the opposing forards, hile attempting to hook the ball backard ith their feet to one of the backs, called the scrum half. Having received the ball, the scrum half has several options running ith the ball until doned or until there is another chance to pass the ball, kicking the ball donfield, or immediately passing the ball to teammates. If the scrum half chooses to pass the ball, the teammates attempt to advance the ball forard and across the opponents goal line. Once over the line the ball must be touched to the ground to score a try, hich is orth 5 points. After scoring a try, a team is entitled to attempt a conversion similar to that in American football. In rugby the conversion kick is taken from anyhere on a line perpendicular to the goal line at the point that the ball as touched don. If the kicked ball passes over the crossbar and beteen the uprights, the team is aarded 2 additional points for the conversion. Noplayerontheteam ith possession of the ball is permitted to move donfield ahead of the ball, and any obstruction of a player not carrying the ball is a foul and is penalized. Thus, there can be no running interference or blocking as in American football. hen a ball carrier is doned, that player releases the ball, and play continues. Althoughthegameappears complex, it is governed by only to major rules 1 players may not pass the ball forard, and 2 players may not touch the ball hile it is in play if it as last touched behind them nearer their on goals by players on their on teams. A minor infringement results in a scrummage. In the case of a serious infringement, or a foul, the referee, ho is the only judge, may aard a penalty kick against the offending team. A goal resulting from this kick scores 3 points. A goal scored from a dropkick hen during play a player drops the ball, lets it rebound off the ground, and kicks it over the crossbar and through the uprights also counts 3 points. A mark occurs hen a player standing behind that players on 22 m 24 yd line catches a ball on the fly from an opponents kick and says, Mark. The player making the mark may then attempt a free kick.IIIRUGBY LEAGUE FOOTBALL Inalesscomplexform of the game organized in England in 1895, teams comprise only 13 players to feer forards. A try counts 4 points, and the conversion counts 2. The Rugby League conducts professional, and some amateur, competition in this form of the game in northern England, France, Australia, and Ne Zealand.IVHISTORY1962 Rugby Englands traditional game had a record season in the United States and Canada in 1962, ith more than 200 U.S. and Canadian teams participating in organized competition. The Eastern Rugby Union, begun in 1947 by Princeton and Yale, no includes tenty-one member and four affiliated clubs. Other active groups are the Missouri Rugby Union, Southern California Rugby Union, Rugby Union of Northern California, Alberta Rugby Union, Ontario Rugger Union, and the Quebec Rugger Union. Three U.S. teams engaged in international competition during the year. At Montreal, the Eastern Rugby Union all-star team lost to the Quebec Rugger Union all-stars, 8-0. Financed by the People-to-People Sports Committee, the illiams College Rugby Football Club as inless in a four-game tour of England, and the Dartmouth College team lost four and tied one in a five-game tour of Ireland. Also attracting ide attention as the Ne Zealand Rugby Unions Canadian tour. The Ne Zealanders lost to Vancouver, 3-0, and to British Columbia, 9-6. In the Commonealth Cup tournament at Bermuda, Princeton defeated Yale for premier honors, hile Virginia and Notre Dame tied for the consolation-round title. Dartmouth College retained the Carling Cup in the annual Canadian-U.S. competition by defeating the Province of Quebec team, 5-3. The Eastern Rugby Union championship ent to Amherst, hich also defeated Dartmouth for the hitton division title. In other ERU championships, Harvard on over illiams in the Lee division, Columbia defeated Army in the Challenge circuit, and Baltimore led estchester in the Pioneer loop. Harvard on the fourth annual seven-a-side tournament at Ne York Citys Van Cortlandt Park by defeating the Ne York A team, 8-5, in triple overtime. The Massachusetts Institute of Technology team finished third among the thirty teams in the competition. Undefeated in ten games, the Bombers Rugby Club on the allace trophy, emblematic of the Missouri Rugby Football Union championship. Paced by high-scoring Bob Meyer and Leo Hyla, the Bombers on nine games and tied one. Second in the six-team league as the Rebels Rugby Club, ith a 6-2-2 season record. Roy Gibsen, ho scored 28 points for the Rebels, as named the unions outstanding player. In intersectional play involving Missouri Rugby Union teams at St. Louis, Mo., Harvard defeated ashington University, 24-0, and the Ramblers Secundus, 6-3, but lost to the Ramblers Primus, 10-0. Notre Dame as victorious against the Rebels, 16-0, but lost to the Bombers, 40-0 and 3-0 to St. Louis University, 8-3 and to ashington University, 8-3.1963 Rugby This football sport imported from England enjoyed another banner year in North America in 1963. United States and Canadian teams competed formally and informally in ell over 200 contests. The Eastern Rugby Union, organized in 1947 by Princeton and Yale universities, no includes 29 a...
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